栋察宇宙(二十一):Python 文件操作全解析

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Today, the editor brings you "A Comprehensive Guide to File Operations in Python"

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思维导图

Mind Mapping

在 Python 编程领域，文件操作是一项核心且必备的技能。无论是处理日常文本数据、配置文件，还是记录程序运行日志、实现数据持久化存储，文件操作均发挥着不可或缺的作用。下文将对 Python 文件操作进行系统阐述，助力读者全面掌握其相关功能。

In the field of Python programming, file operations constitute a core and essential skill. Whether it comes to processing daily text data, configuration files, recording program running logs, or achieving persistent data storage, file operations play an indispensable role. The following text will systematically elaborate on Python file operations to help readers fully grasp their relevant functions.

文件打开：开启数据交互之门

Opening Files: Initiating Data Interaction

文件的打开通过内置函数open()实现，该函数的核心参数包括文件路径与打开模式。

The opening of a file is accomplished via the built-in function open(), whose core parameters include the file path and the opening mode.

文件路径分为相对路径与绝对路径。相对路径以当前工作目录为基准，例如，若当前工作目录为/home/user/project，需访问project目录下data子目录中的test.txt文件，可表示为data/test.txt；绝对路径则是从根目录起始的完整路径，如上述示例中的绝对路径为
/home/user/project/data/test.txt，无论当前工作目录如何变化，绝对路径均可准确定位文件。

File paths are categorized into relative paths and absolute paths. A relative path is based on the current working directory. For instance, if the current working directory is /home/user/project and it is necessary to access the test.txt file in the data subdirectory under the project directory, it can be expressed as data/test.txt; an absolute path is a complete path starting from the root directory, such as the absolute path in the above example being /home/user/project/data/test.txt, which can accurately locate the file regardless of changes in the current working directory.

打开模式决定了文件的操作权限，具体如下：

The opening mode determines the operation permissions of the file, as specified below:

'r'为只读模式，亦是默认模式。在此模式下，仅可读取文件内容，无法进行修改，文件指针初始位于文件起始位置，若文件不存在，则会触发异常。

'r' is the read-only mode and also the default mode. In this mode, only the file content can be read without modification, the file pointer is initially at the start of the file, and an exception will be triggered if the file does not exist.

'w'为写入模式。采用此模式打开文件时，若文件已存在，其原有内容将被清空；若文件不存在，则会创建新文件。

'w' is the write mode. When opening a file in this mode, if the file already exists, its original content will be cleared; if the file does not exist, a new file will be created.

'a'为追加模式，文件指针初始位于文件末尾，新内容将被追加至现有内容之后，若文件不存在，将自动创建。

'a' is the append mode, with the file pointer initially at the end of the file. New content will be appended after the existing content, and the file will be automatically created if it does not exist.

'x'为独占创建模式，仅用于创建新文件，若目标文件已存在，则会引发异常。

'x' is the exclusive creation mode, which is solely used for creating new files. If the target file already exists, an exception will be raised.

处理图像、音频等非文本文件时，需采用二进制模式，即在上述模式后添加'b'，例如'rb'表示二进制只读，'wb'表示二进制写入。

When dealing with non-text files such as images and audio, binary mode must be adopted by adding 'b' after the above modes. For example, 'rb' denotes binary read-only, and 'wb' denotes binary write.

文本模式为默认模式，添加't'可明确指定，如'rt'，该模式会自动处理换行符等文本相关转换。

Text mode is the default mode, which can be explicitly specified by adding 't', such as 'rt'. This mode automatically handles text-related conversions such as newlines.

若需同时进行读写操作，可添加'+'，'r+'支持读写且保留原有内容，'w+'支持读写但会清空原有内容。

For simultaneous reading and writing operations, '+' can be added. 'r+' supports reading and writing while retaining the original content, and 'w+' supports reading and writing but will clear the original content.

文件读取：探索数据宝藏

File Reading: Exploring Data Resources

文件打开后，可通过多种方法读取内容，各类方法适用于不同场景。

After a file is opened, its content can be read through various methods, each applicable to different scenarios.

read()方法可一次性读取整个文件内容，并返回一个字符串。该方法适用于内容量较小的文件，具有高效便捷的特点。

The read() method can read the entire file content at once and return a string. This method is suitable for files with small content volume, featuring high efficiency and convenience.

readline()方法按行读取文件，每次调用返回一行内容。在处理配置文件时，逐行解析的方式具有较高实用性，可精准处理每行信息。

The readline() method reads the file line by line, returning one line of content per call. When processing configuration files, the line-by-line parsing method is highly practical, enabling accurate processing of information in each line.

readlines()方法会读取文件所有行，将其存储为列表，列表中每个元素对应一行内容。若需对所有行进行统一处理，该方法较为适用。

The readlines() method reads all lines of the file and stores them as a list, where each element in the list corresponds to a line of content. This method is suitable when uniform processing of all lines is required.

对于大型文件，采用 for 循环逐行读取可有效节省内存，避免因一次性读取大量内容而占用过多内存资源。此外，还可指定读取的字节数，例如read(100)即读取前 100 个字节。

For large files, reading line by line using a for loop can effectively save memory, avoiding excessive memory usage due to reading a large amount of content at once. In addition, the number of bytes to be read can be specified, for example, read(100) reads the first 100 bytes.

文件写入：留下数据印记

File Writing: Recording Data

文件写入主要通过write()与writelines()两种方法实现。

File writing is mainly achieved through two methods: write() and writelines().

write()方法用于写入字符串，当以'w'或'w+'模式打开文件时，该方法会覆盖原有内容；以'a'或'a+'模式打开时，则会将内容追加至文件末尾。

The write() method is used to write strings. When the file is opened in 'w' or 'w+' mode, this method will overwrite the original content; when opened in 'a' or 'a+' mode, it will append the content to the end of the file.

writelines()方法可处理多个字符串，其接收一个字符串列表作为参数，并将列表中每个字符串逐行写入文件。需注意，列表中的元素必须均为字符串类型，否则会引发错误。

The writelines() method can handle multiple strings, accepting a list of strings as a parameter and writing each string in the list into the file line by line. It should be noted that the elements in the list must all be of string type; otherwise, an error will be raised.

写入二进制文件时，需采用二进制写入模式，如'wb'、'ab'等，以确保图像、音频等数据的正确处理。

When writing binary files, binary writing modes such as 'wb' and 'ab' must be adopted to ensure the correct processing of data such as images and audio.

关闭文件：守护资源的最后防线

Closing Files: The Final Line of Defense for Resource Protection

文件操作完成后，必须及时关闭文件，这是保障系统资源合理释放的重要举措。可通过文件对象的close()方法手动关闭文件，为确保文件在异常情况下仍能被正确关闭，采用try - finally语句更为稳妥。

After the file operation is completed, the file must be closed in a timely manner, which is an important measure to ensure the reasonable release of system resources. The file can be manually closed through the close() method of the file object. To ensure that the file can still be closed correctly in case of exceptions, using the try - finally statement is more secure.

更为简便的方式是使用with语句，该语句可自动管理文件的打开与关闭过程，即便在执行过程中出现异常，也能保证文件的正确关闭，且代码结构更为简洁，目前已成为主流用法。

A more convenient way is to use the with statement, which can automatically manage the process of opening and closing the file. Even if an exception occurs during execution, it can ensure the correct closing of the file, and the code structure is more concise, which has become the mainstream usage at present.

文件操作的实际应用案例

Practical Application Cases of File Operations

文件操作在实际应用中具有广泛用途。例如，在程序开发过程中，记录运行日志有助于了解程序执行状态及排查故障。采用追加模式，可将每次程序运行的相关信息附加至日志文件末尾，若辅以时间戳记录，则可使日志内容更为清晰直观。

File operations have extensive applications in practical scenarios. For example, during program development, recording running logs helps understand the program's execution status and troubleshoot faults. Using the append mode, relevant information of each program run can be appended to the end of the log file, and if supplemented with timestamp records, the log content can be more clear and intuitive.

此外，读取配置文件也是文件操作的常见应用。许多程序的参数设置存储于配置文件中，通过文件读取方法获取这些参数后，程序可根据不同配置灵活运行，无需修改代码即可实现程序行为的调整。

In addition, reading configuration files is also a common application of file operations. The parameter settings of many programs are stored in configuration files. After obtaining these parameters through file reading methods, the program can run flexibly according to different configurations, and the adjustment of program behavior can be realized without modifying the code.

总结

Summary

Python 文件操作涵盖文件的打开、读取、写入及关闭等一系列流程，并在实际场景中具有丰富的应用。熟练掌握相关方法与技巧，能够显著提升数据处理与任务执行的效率。无论是文本处理、配置管理，还是日志记录、数据持久化，文件操作均是编程实践中的重要辅助工具。希望通过本文的阐述，读者能够对 Python 文件操作形成清晰认知，并在实际编程中灵活运用。

Python file operations cover a series of processes such as opening, reading, writing, and closing files, and have rich applications in practical scenarios. Proficiency in relevant methods and skills can significantly improve the efficiency of data processing and task execution. Whether it is text processing, configuration management, log recording, or data persistence, file operations are important auxiliary tools in programming practice. It is hoped that through the elaboration in this article, readers can form a clear understanding of Python file operations and flexibly apply them in practical programming.

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部分参考内容来自百度

翻译来源：谷歌翻译

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